Qu 5.Explain Algorithum in detail with examlple

 Algorithm

An algorithm is a set of instructions, sometimes called a procedure or a function, that is used to perform a certain task. This can be a simple process, such as adding two numbers together, or a complex function, such as adding effects to an image. For example, in order to sharpen a digital photo, the algorithm would need to process each pixel in the image and determine which ones to change and how much to change them in order to make the image look sharper.

Most computer programmers spend a large percentage of their time creating algorithms. (The rest of their time is spent debugging the algorithms that don't work properly.) The goal is to create efficient algorithms that do not waste more computer resources (such as RAM and CPU time) than necessary. This can be difficult, because an algorithm that performs well on one set of data may perform poorly on other data.

As you might guess, poorly written algorithms can cause programs to run slowly and even crash. Therefore, software updates are often introduced, touting "improved stability and performance." While this sounds impressive, it also means that the algorithms in the previous versions of the software were not written as well as the could have been.

Example: Algorithm for addition of two user entered number and print a some of them.

STEP 1- START

STEP 2- PRINT "ENTER  1 NUMBER"

STEP 3- INPUT A

STEP 4- PRINT "ENTER  2 NUMBER"

STEP 5- INPUT B

STEP 6- C=A+B

STEP 7- PRINT C

STEP 8- STOP

Qu 4. Explain data types in detail

A programming language is proposed to help programmer to process certain kinds of data and to provide useful output. The task of data processing is accomplished by executing series of commands called program. A program usually contains different types of data types (integer, float, character etc.) and need to store the values being used in the program. C language is rich of data types. A C programmer has to employ proper data type as per his requirement.
C has different data types for different types of data and can be broadly classified as :

1. Primary data types
2. Secondary data types

Primary data types consist following data types.

Data Types in C

Integer types:

Integers are whole numbers with a range of values, range of values are machine dependent. Generally an integer occupies 2 bytes memory space and its value range limited to -32768 to +32767 (that is, -2¹⁵ to +2¹⁵-1). A signed integer use one bit for storing sign and rest 15 bits for number.
To control the range of numbers and storage space, C has three classes of integer storage namely short int, int and long int. All three data types have signed and unsigned forms. A short int requires half the amount of storage than normal integer. Unlike signed integer, unsigned integers are always positive and use all the bits for the magnitude of the number. Therefore the range of an unsigned integer will be from 0 to 65535. The long integers are used to declare a longer range of values and it occupies 4 bytes of storage space.

Syntax: int <variable name>; like
int num1;
short int num2;
long int num3;

Example: 5, 6, 100, 2500.

Integer Data Type Memory Allocation

Floating Point Types:

The float data type is used to store fractional numbers (real numbers) with 6 digits of precision. Floating point numbers are denoted by the keyword float. When the accuracy of the floating point number is insufficient, we can use the double to define the number. The double is same as float but with longer precision and takes double space (8 bytes) than float. To extend the precision further we can use long double which occupies 10 bytes of memory space.

Syntax:          float <variable name>; like
float num1;
double num2;
long double num3;

Example:      9.125, 3.1254.

Floating Point Data Type Memory Allocation

Character Type:

Character type variable can hold a single character. As there are singed and unsigned int (either short or long), in the same way there are signed and unsigned chars; both occupy 1 byte each, but having different ranges. Unsigned characters have values between 0 and 255, signed characters have values from –128 to 127.

Syntax: char <variable name>; like
char ch = ‘a’;

Example:      a, b, g, S, j.

Void Type:

The void type has no values therefore we cannot declare it as variable as we did in case of integer and float.

The void data type is usually used with function to specify its type. Like in our first C program we declared “main()” as void type because it does not return any value. The concept of returning values will be discussed in detail in the C function hub.

Secondary Data Types

• Array in C programming
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• Pointers in C Programming
  In this tutorial I am going to discuss what pointer is and how to use them in our C program. Many C programming learner thinks that pointer is one of the difficult topic in C language but its not...
• Structure in C Programming
  We used variable in our C program to store value but one variable can store only single piece information (an integer can hold only one integer value) and to store similar type of values we had to declare...

User defined type declaration

C language supports a feature where user can define an identifier that characterizes an existing data type. This user defined data type identifier can later be used to declare variables. In short its purpose is to redefine the name of an existing data type.

Syntax: typedef <type> <identifier>; like
typedef int number;

Now we can use number in lieu of int to declare integer variable. For example: “int x1” or “number x1” both statements declaring an integer variable. We have just changed the default keyword “int” to declare integer variable to “number”.

Data Types in C, Size & Range of Data Types.